OphthoAcademy
Basic Sciences
Embryology, anatomy, physiology, optics, pharmacology, pathology, and genetics — the foundational science behind every clinical topic in the app.
Ocular Embryology
Anterior Segment Embryology
Lens, cornea, iris, angle, and zonules.
ReadPosterior Segment & Optic Nerve Embryology
Optic cup/vesicle, RPE, retina, choroid, vitreous, chiasm.
ReadOcular Adnexa Embryology & Genetic Malformation Syndromes
Eyelids, lacrimal system, Axenfeld-Rieger, cryptophthalmos.
ReadOcular Anatomy
Anterior Segment & Adnexal Gross Anatomy
Cornea, lens, iris, orbit, eyelid, lacrimal gland, EOM origins/actions.
ReadAqueous Humor Dynamics & Outflow Pathways
Production, circulation, trabecular/uveoscleral outflow, blood-aqueous barrier.
ReadRetina, RPE & Choroid Anatomy
Retinal layers, macula/fovea, choroidal vasculature, blood-retinal barrier.
ReadVitreous Anatomy
Vitreous body/base/cortex, composition, PVD mechanism.
ReadOptic Nerve & Visual Pathway Anatomy
Optic nerve segments, chiasm, tract, radiations, visual cortex, field-defect localization.
ReadOrbital & Scleral Anatomy
Orbital bones, floor fracture, surgical anatomy, sclera anatomy/collagen.
ReadOcular Physiology
Phototransduction & Photoreceptor Physiology
Rod/cone cascades, dark adaptation, ERG a/b-wave, visual cycle.
ReadAccommodation & Presbyopia Mechanisms
Helmholtz/Schachar/catenary theories, near reflex, AC/A ratio.
ReadTear Film & Ocular Surface Physiology
Tear layers, lacrimal/meibomian glands, dry eye mechanisms, TBUT.
ReadAqueous Humor Dynamics & IOP Regulation
Production/outflow physiology, IOP determinants, diurnal variation.
ReadBinocular Vision & Stereopsis
Retinal correspondence, Panum's area, disparity, suppression, diplopia.
ReadColor Vision & Scotopic/Photopic Physiology
Cone photopigments, color vision theories/deficiencies.
ReadOcular Optics & Refraction
Geometric & Physical Optics Fundamentals
Snell's law, TIR, dispersion, diffraction, wave optics.
ReadVergence, Prisms & Lens Power Calculations
Vergence formula, sign conventions, Prentice's rule, thick lenses.
ReadSchematic & Reduced Eye Models
Gullstrand model, nodal points, principal planes, paraxial eye.
ReadOptical Aberrations
Spherical, chromatic, coma, wavefront/Zernike analysis.
ReadRefractive Errors & Myopia/Presbyopia Optics
Myopia/hyperopia/astigmatism classification, myopia control.
ReadOptical Correction — Spectacles, Contact Lenses & IOLs
Magnification, vertex distance, CL/IOL optics.
ReadOcular Pharmacology
Ocular Drug Delivery Routes & Systems
Topical/intravitreal/suprachoroidal routes, sustained-release implants.
ReadAutonomic & Pupil Pharmacology
Mydriatics, cycloplegics, miotics, pharmacologic testing.
ReadAnti-Glaucoma Medications — Pharmacology & Mechanisms
Receptor-level mechanisms behind prostaglandins, beta-blockers, CAIs, rho-kinase inhibitors.
ReadAnti-VEGF Therapy
Bevacizumab/ranibizumab/aflibercept/faricimab, pivotal trials, pharmacokinetics.
ReadCorticosteroids & NSAIDs
Topical/intravitreal steroids, steroid response, NSAID mechanism/complications.
ReadAntimicrobial & Antiviral Therapy
Bacterial/fungal/viral/parasitic keratitis treatment, endophthalmitis prophylaxis.
ReadOcular & Periocular Anesthesia
Local anesthetics, retrobulbar/peribulbar/sub-Tenon blocks, complications.
ReadOcular Pathology & Microbiology
Inflammation & Wound Healing Pathology
Mediators, complement, granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis.
ReadOcular Infectious Organisms & Microbiology
Bacterial/fungal/viral/parasitic pathogens by disease.
ReadCorneal Dystrophies & Ocular Tumor Histopathology
Fuchs/lattice/granular dystrophies, retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma.
ReadSystemic Disease Ocular Manifestations — Pathology
Diabetic/hypertensive/lupus retinopathy, TED, VKH, Behçet.
ReadGenetics in Ophthalmology
Mendelian & Non-Classical Inheritance Patterns
AD/AR/X-linked/mitochondrial, penetrance, mosaicism.
ReadInherited Retinal Dystrophy Genetics
RP, Stargardt, Usher, choroideremia, LCA gene therapy.
ReadChromosomal Disorders with Ocular Features
Trisomies, microdeletion syndromes.
ReadGenetic Testing Methodology
Sequencing modalities, variant classification, cascade testing.
ReadTest yourself on Basic Sciences
OphthoAcademy has real practice questions across all of these foundational concepts, with spaced repetition to help it stick.
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